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Oposição na política dos Estados Unidos

Fonte: EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


O processo da reconstrução foi o auge do sistema de terceiro partido. [1] Os democratas conservaram o controle apenas em partes do Deep South.[2] A mídia já produzia um viés político na campanha da época.[3]

Preferências[editar]

Os democratas que eram lideranças eram em sua maioria católicos e ricos.[4] Os republicanos eram anti-álcool e protestantes o que bfazia eles terem popularidade entre os de família católica que tinham parentes com dependência.[5][6] O partido americano superou o republicano, mas mais tarde se fundiu com ele por afinidade ideológica.[7][8][9]

Guerra Civil[editar]

O apoio dado por terceiros partidos foi decisivo na vitória de Lincoln[10] em torno de pautas como abolição, reforma agrária, nacionalismo e democracia.[11] Nesse período muitos democracratas passaram para o lado republicano e algum democratas depois da guerra civil perderam eleições para os republicanos inclusive no deep South.[12][13] O sistema morreu nos finais do XIX com o surgimento de candidatos independentes[14] que posteriormente candidatariam pelo partido republicano.[15]

Atualidade[editar]

Lideranças norte-americanas como George Washington se opunham ao consenso bipartidário.[16] Em 2013, 60% das pessoas dos Estados Unidos pediam um terceiro partido para ganhar as eleições,[17] são contra patentes e lobby[18][19][20][21] e eles desejam a queda de Obama,[22] um sistema de saúde gratuito para todos,[23] rejeitam o capitalismo de compadrio apoiando Ron Paul,[24] alimentos livre de genética modificada,[25][26][27] o fim da hipócrita guerra ao terror,[28] são contra a NSA,[29][30] contra armar terroristas,[31][32] contra bancos e oligopólios em geral,[33][34] são contra a poluição,[35] Há uma rejeição da CIA por parte deles[36] rejeitando também o Bacen[37]

O congresso no país é menos popular do que fezes de cachorro, hemorróidas, baratas, imposto de renda, hipsters, IPVA, feitiçaria, pé de atleta, congestionamento de rua, juramento perante a bíblia, valas de rua, Gengis Khan e a Coréia do Norte[38][39][40] Os 2 principais movimentos sociais que os embasam são o Tea Party e o OWS.[41] Essa população defende ensino básico e superior gratuito e de qualidade para todos, tributação progressiva, seguridade social para todos e regulação federal das empresas[42] A oposição americana rejeita também a corrupção.[43] A oposição americana também é descrita como tendo um forte componente negro e islâmico.[44] Além desses pontos existem outros pontos comuns entre a direita e a esquerda outlier.[45]

  1. ↑ James E. Campbell, "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004," Social Science History Fall 2006, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, pp. 359–86
  2. ↑ Foner (1988)
  3. ↑ Kleppner (1979) gives detailed reports on voter behavior in every region.
  4. ↑ Kleppner (1979); Jensen (1971)
  5. ↑ Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971) online
  6. ↑ Kleppner (1979)
  7. ↑ Holt (1978)
  8. ↑ William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (Oxford UP, 1987)
  9. ↑ William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War." Journal of American History 72.3 (1985): 529-559 online
  10. ↑ Foner (1995); Silbey (1991)
  11. ↑ Paludan p. 25. Paludan writes of Lincoln's political skills, "He was an excellent political leader at a time when parties provided unity and direction for governmental behavior and were sources of intense interest throughout the polity. He knew how to organize political strength, how to encourage his supporters to achieve their ends.... During the war when lawmakers began to question and at times to challenge decisions he had made or intrude on executive prerogatives, his political skills would find important uses. But there was a much deeper level to Lincoln's political skills than his ability to maneuver and to balance factions; there was the quality of the man himself. He possessed a basic self-knowledge and security that allowed him to negotiate and discuss and converse with friends and political foes while respecting their intrinsic integrity."
  12. ↑ Silbey (1991); Hansen (1980)
  13. ↑ Vincent P. De Santis, Republicans Face the Southern Question (1969)
  14. ↑ Jensen (1971) ch 10; Keller (1977)
  15. ↑ See Voss-Hubbard (1999); Keller (1977)
  16. ↑ Washington's Farewell Address
  17. ↑ Americans Renew Call for Third Party Gallup (empresa)
  18. ↑ The Left Right Paradigm is Over: Its You vs. Corporations
  19. ↑ As November nears, voters turn backs on both parties
  20. ↑ Americans Renew Call for Third Party
  21. ↑ In U.S., Perceived Need for Third Party Reaches New High
  22. ↑ Obama Has Even Lost The 'Occupy Wall Street' Crowd
  23. ↑ Poll: Obamacare remains highly unpopular as implementation looms
  24. ↑ Tea Party, Meet Occupy Wall Street. OWS, Tea Party.
  25. ↑ Pew-Commissioned Poll Finds Large Majority of Americans Want Stronger Food Safety Rules
  26. ↑ Poll: Skepticism of Genetically Modified Foods
  27. ↑ Strong Support for Labeling Modified Foods
  28. ↑ Fox News Poll: Boston Marathon Bombings
  29. ↑ What Americans think about NSA surveillance, national security and privacy
  30. ↑ Just 11% Think NSA Less Likely Now to Monitor Phone Calls of Innocent Americans
  31. ↑ As Syria war escalates, Americans cool to U.S. intervention: Reuters/Ipsos poll
  32. ↑ Public Remains Opposed to Arming Syrian Rebels
  33. ↑ Majority of Americans say banks, large corporations benefitted most from U.S. economic policies
  34. ↑ Poll Finds Banks Are Too Big, Most Americans Say
  35. ↑ Water Pollution Americans’ Top Green Concern
  36. ↑ Huge majority wants Clapper prosecuted for perjury
  37. ↑ Tea Party, Meet Occupy Wall Street. OWS, Tea Party.
  38. ↑ Congress Somewhere Below Cockroaches, Traffic Jams, and Nickelback in Americans’ Esteem
  39. ↑ Americans' Confidence in Congress Falls to Lowest on Record
  40. ↑ Congress less popular than dog poop, more so than Miley Cyrus, twerking
  41. ↑ Occupy Wall Street: tea party leaders admit similarities - but not too many
  42. ↑ Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans
  43. ↑ 75% in U.S. See Widespread Government Corruption
  44. ↑ Baltimore riots: How the Western media would cover the unrest if it happened elsewhere
  45. ↑ Rogue Government Traders Zero Hedge

Bibliografia[editar]

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  • Calhoun, Charles W. From Bloody Shirt to Full Dinner Pail: The Transformation of Politics and Governance in the Gilded Age (2010) excerpt and text search
  • Calhoun, Charles W. Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (2008) 243 pp.
  • Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004", Social Science History, Fall 2006, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 359–386
  • Cherny, Robert. American Politics in the Gilded Age 1868–1900 (1997)
  • DeCanio, Samuel. "Religion and Nineteenth-Century Voting Behavior: A New Look at Some Old Data", Journal of Politics, 2007. 69: 339–350
  • Dinkin, Robert J. Voting and Vote-Getting in American History (2016), expanded edition of Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. (Greenwood 1989) online 1989 edition
  • Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1995). .
  • Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988)
  • Gienap, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (1987)
  • Gienap, William E. "'Politics Seem to Enter into Everything': Political Culture in the North, 1840–1860", in Gienapp et al., eds. Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840-1860 (1982) online edition pp. 15–79
  • Hansen, Stephen L. The Making of the Third Party System: Voters and Parties in Illinois, 1850–1876. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1980. 280 pp.
  • Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
  • Holt, Michael F. "The Primacy of Party Reasserted." Journal of American History 1999 86(1): 151–157. in JSTOR
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  • Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)
  • Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930", in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (University of Kansas Press, 2001) pp. 149–180; online version
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  • Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877
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  • Silbey, Joel H., ed. The American party battle: election campaign pamphlets, 1828–1876 (2 vol., 1999) vol 1 online; online edition vol 2

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Este artigo "Oposição na política dos Estados Unidos" é da wikipedia The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Oposição na política dos Estados Unidos.

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